lib/assets/javascripts/underscore.js
341a83e8
 //     Underscore.js 1.4.4
 //     http://underscorejs.org
 //     (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 //     Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
 
 (function() {
 
   // Baseline setup
   // --------------
 
   // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
   var root = this;
 
   // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
   var previousUnderscore = root._;
 
   // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
   var breaker = {};
 
   // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
   var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
 
   // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
   var push             = ArrayProto.push,
       slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
       concat           = ArrayProto.concat,
       toString         = ObjProto.toString,
       hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
 
   // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
   // are declared here.
   var
     nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
     nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
     nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
     nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
     nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
     nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
     nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
     nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
     nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
     nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
     nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
     nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
 
   // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
   var _ = function(obj) {
     if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
     if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
     this._wrapped = obj;
   };
 
   // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
   // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
   // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
   // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
   if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
     if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
       exports = module.exports = _;
     }
     exports._ = _;
   } else {
     root._ = _;
   }
 
   // Current version.
   _.VERSION = '1.4.4';
 
   // Collection Functions
   // --------------------
 
   // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
   // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
   var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     if (obj == null) return;
     if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
       obj.forEach(iterator, context);
     } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
       for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
         if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
       }
     } else {
       for (var key in obj) {
         if (_.has(obj, key)) {
           if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
         }
       }
     }
   };
 
   // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
   _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var results = [];
     if (obj == null) return results;
     if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
     });
     return results;
   };
 
   var reduceError = 'Reduce of empty array with no initial value';
 
   // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
   // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
   _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
     var initial = arguments.length > 2;
     if (obj == null) obj = [];
     if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
       if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
       return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
     }
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       if (!initial) {
         memo = value;
         initial = true;
       } else {
         memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
       }
     });
     if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
     return memo;
   };
 
   // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
   _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
     var initial = arguments.length > 2;
     if (obj == null) obj = [];
     if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
       if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
       return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
     }
     var length = obj.length;
     if (length !== +length) {
       var keys = _.keys(obj);
       length = keys.length;
     }
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       index = keys ? keys[--length] : --length;
       if (!initial) {
         memo = obj[index];
         initial = true;
       } else {
         memo = iterator.call(context, memo, obj[index], index, list);
       }
     });
     if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
     return memo;
   };
 
   // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
   _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var result;
     any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
         result = value;
         return true;
       }
     });
     return result;
   };
 
   // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
   // Aliased as `select`.
   _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var results = [];
     if (obj == null) return results;
     if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
     });
     return results;
   };
 
   // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
   _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     return _.filter(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       return !iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
     }, context);
   };
 
   // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
   // Aliased as `all`.
   _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
     var result = true;
     if (obj == null) return result;
     if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
     });
     return !!result;
   };
 
   // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
   // Aliased as `any`.
   var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
     var result = false;
     if (obj == null) return result;
     if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
     });
     return !!result;
   };
 
   // Determine if the array or object contains a given value (using `===`).
   // Aliased as `include`.
   _.contains = _.include = function(obj, target) {
     if (obj == null) return false;
     if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
     return any(obj, function(value) {
       return value === target;
     });
   };
 
   // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
   _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
     var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
     var isFunc = _.isFunction(method);
     return _.map(obj, function(value) {
       return (isFunc ? method : value[method]).apply(value, args);
     });
   };
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
   _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
     return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
   };
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `filter`: selecting only objects
   // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
   _.where = function(obj, attrs, first) {
     if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? null : [];
     return _[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](obj, function(value) {
       for (var key in attrs) {
         if (attrs[key] !== value[key]) return false;
       }
       return true;
     });
   };
 
   // Convenience version of a common use case of `find`: getting the first object
   // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
   _.findWhere = function(obj, attrs) {
     return _.where(obj, attrs, true);
   };
 
   // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
   // Can't optimize arrays of integers longer than 65,535 elements.
   // See: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=80797
   _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
       return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
     }
     if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
     var result = {computed : -Infinity, value: -Infinity};
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
       computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
     });
     return result.value;
   };
 
   // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
   _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
       return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
     }
     if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
     var result = {computed : Infinity, value: Infinity};
     each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
       computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
     });
     return result.value;
   };
 
   // Shuffle an array.
   _.shuffle = function(obj) {
     var rand;
     var index = 0;
     var shuffled = [];
     each(obj, function(value) {
       rand = _.random(index++);
       shuffled[index - 1] = shuffled[rand];
       shuffled[rand] = value;
     });
     return shuffled;
   };
 
   // An internal function to generate lookup iterators.
   var lookupIterator = function(value) {
     return _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(obj){ return obj[value]; };
   };
 
   // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
   _.sortBy = function(obj, value, context) {
     var iterator = lookupIterator(value);
     return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       return {
         value : value,
         index : index,
         criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
       };
     }).sort(function(left, right) {
       var a = left.criteria;
       var b = right.criteria;
       if (a !== b) {
         if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
         if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
       }
       return left.index < right.index ? -1 : 1;
     }), 'value');
   };
 
   // An internal function used for aggregate "group by" operations.
   var group = function(obj, value, context, behavior) {
     var result = {};
     var iterator = lookupIterator(value || _.identity);
     each(obj, function(value, index) {
       var key = iterator.call(context, value, index, obj);
       behavior(result, key, value);
     });
     return result;
   };
 
   // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
   // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
   _.groupBy = function(obj, value, context) {
     return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key, value) {
       (_.has(result, key) ? result[key] : (result[key] = [])).push(value);
     });
   };
 
   // Counts instances of an object that group by a certain criterion. Pass
   // either a string attribute to count by, or a function that returns the
   // criterion.
   _.countBy = function(obj, value, context) {
     return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key) {
       if (!_.has(result, key)) result[key] = 0;
       result[key]++;
     });
   };
 
   // Use a comparator function to figure out the smallest index at which
   // an object should be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
   _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator, context) {
     iterator = iterator == null ? _.identity : lookupIterator(iterator);
     var value = iterator.call(context, obj);
     var low = 0, high = array.length;
     while (low < high) {
       var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
       iterator.call(context, array[mid]) < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
     }
     return low;
   };
 
   // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
   _.toArray = function(obj) {
     if (!obj) return [];
     if (_.isArray(obj)) return slice.call(obj);
     if (obj.length === +obj.length) return _.map(obj, _.identity);
     return _.values(obj);
   };
 
   // Return the number of elements in an object.
   _.size = function(obj) {
     if (obj == null) return 0;
     return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
   };
 
   // Array Functions
   // ---------------
 
   // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
   // values in the array. Aliased as `head` and `take`. The **guard** check
   // allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.first = _.head = _.take = function(array, n, guard) {
     if (array == null) return void 0;
     return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
   };
 
   // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
   // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
   // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
   // `_.map`.
   _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
     return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
   };
 
   // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
   // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
     if (array == null) return void 0;
     if ((n != null) && !guard) {
       return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
     } else {
       return array[array.length - 1];
     }
   };
 
   // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail` and `drop`.
   // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **n** will return
   // the rest N values in the array. The **guard**
   // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
   _.rest = _.tail = _.drop = function(array, n, guard) {
     return slice.call(array, (n == null) || guard ? 1 : n);
   };
 
   // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
   _.compact = function(array) {
     return _.filter(array, _.identity);
   };
 
   // Internal implementation of a recursive `flatten` function.
   var flatten = function(input, shallow, output) {
     each(input, function(value) {
       if (_.isArray(value)) {
         shallow ? push.apply(output, value) : flatten(value, shallow, output);
       } else {
         output.push(value);
       }
     });
     return output;
   };
 
   // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
   _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
     return flatten(array, shallow, []);
   };
 
   // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
   _.without = function(array) {
     return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
   };
 
   // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
   // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
   // Aliased as `unique`.
   _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator, context) {
     if (_.isFunction(isSorted)) {
       context = iterator;
       iterator = isSorted;
       isSorted = false;
     }
     var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator, context) : array;
     var results = [];
     var seen = [];
     each(initial, function(value, index) {
       if (isSorted ? (!index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== value) : !_.contains(seen, value)) {
         seen.push(value);
         results.push(array[index]);
       }
     });
     return results;
   };
 
   // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
   // the passed-in arrays.
   _.union = function() {
     return _.uniq(concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments));
   };
 
   // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
   // passed-in arrays.
   _.intersection = function(array) {
     var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
     return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
       return _.every(rest, function(other) {
         return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
       });
     });
   };
 
   // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
   // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
   _.difference = function(array) {
     var rest = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
     return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.contains(rest, value); });
   };
 
   // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
   // an index go together.
   _.zip = function() {
     var args = slice.call(arguments);
     var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
     var results = new Array(length);
     for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
       results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
     }
     return results;
   };
 
   // Converts lists into objects. Pass either a single array of `[key, value]`
   // pairs, or two parallel arrays of the same length -- one of keys, and one of
   // the corresponding values.
   _.object = function(list, values) {
     if (list == null) return {};
     var result = {};
     for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
       if (values) {
         result[list[i]] = values[i];
       } else {
         result[list[i][0]] = list[i][1];
       }
     }
     return result;
   };
 
   // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
   // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
   // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
   // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
   // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
   _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
     if (array == null) return -1;
     var i = 0, l = array.length;
     if (isSorted) {
       if (typeof isSorted == 'number') {
         i = (isSorted < 0 ? Math.max(0, l + isSorted) : isSorted);
       } else {
         i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
         return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
       }
     }
     if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item, isSorted);
     for (; i < l; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
     return -1;
   };
 
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
   _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item, from) {
     if (array == null) return -1;
     var hasIndex = from != null;
     if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) {
       return hasIndex ? array.lastIndexOf(item, from) : array.lastIndexOf(item);
     }
     var i = (hasIndex ? from : array.length);
     while (i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
     return -1;
   };
 
   // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
   // the native Python `range()` function. See
   // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
   _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
     if (arguments.length <= 1) {
       stop = start || 0;
       start = 0;
     }
     step = arguments[2] || 1;
 
     var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
     var idx = 0;
     var range = new Array(len);
 
     while(idx < len) {
       range[idx++] = start;
       start += step;
     }
 
     return range;
   };
 
   // Function (ahem) Functions
   // ------------------
 
   // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
   // optionally). Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if
   // available.
   _.bind = function(func, context) {
     if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
     var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
     return function() {
       return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
     };
   };
 
   // Partially apply a function by creating a version that has had some of its
   // arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic `this` context.
   _.partial = function(func) {
     var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
     return function() {
       return func.apply(this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
     };
   };
 
   // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
   // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
   _.bindAll = function(obj) {
     var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
     if (funcs.length === 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
     each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
   _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
     var memo = {};
     hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
     return function() {
       var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
       return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
     };
   };
 
   // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
   // it with the arguments supplied.
   _.delay = function(func, wait) {
     var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
     return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(null, args); }, wait);
   };
 
   // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
   // cleared.
   _.defer = function(func) {
     return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
   };
 
   // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
   // during a given window of time.
   _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
     var context, args, timeout, result;
     var previous = 0;
     var later = function() {
       previous = new Date;
       timeout = null;
       result = func.apply(context, args);
     };
     return function() {
       var now = new Date;
       var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
       context = this;
       args = arguments;
       if (remaining <= 0) {
         clearTimeout(timeout);
         timeout = null;
         previous = now;
         result = func.apply(context, args);
       } else if (!timeout) {
         timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
       }
       return result;
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
   // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
   // N milliseconds. If `immediate` is passed, trigger the function on the
   // leading edge, instead of the trailing.
   _.debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) {
     var timeout, result;
     return function() {
       var context = this, args = arguments;
       var later = function() {
         timeout = null;
         if (!immediate) result = func.apply(context, args);
       };
       var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
       clearTimeout(timeout);
       timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
       if (callNow) result = func.apply(context, args);
       return result;
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
   // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
   _.once = function(func) {
     var ran = false, memo;
     return function() {
       if (ran) return memo;
       ran = true;
       memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
       func = null;
       return memo;
     };
   };
 
   // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
   // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
   // conditionally execute the original function.
   _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
     return function() {
       var args = [func];
       push.apply(args, arguments);
       return wrapper.apply(this, args);
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
   // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
   _.compose = function() {
     var funcs = arguments;
     return function() {
       var args = arguments;
       for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
         args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
       }
       return args[0];
     };
   };
 
   // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
   _.after = function(times, func) {
     if (times <= 0) return func();
     return function() {
       if (--times < 1) {
         return func.apply(this, arguments);
       }
     };
   };
 
   // Object Functions
   // ----------------
 
   // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
   // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
   _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
     if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
     var keys = [];
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
     return keys;
   };
 
   // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
   _.values = function(obj) {
     var values = [];
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) values.push(obj[key]);
     return values;
   };
 
   // Convert an object into a list of `[key, value]` pairs.
   _.pairs = function(obj) {
     var pairs = [];
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) pairs.push([key, obj[key]]);
     return pairs;
   };
 
   // Invert the keys and values of an object. The values must be serializable.
   _.invert = function(obj) {
     var result = {};
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) result[obj[key]] = key;
     return result;
   };
 
   // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
   // Aliased as `methods`
   _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
     var names = [];
     for (var key in obj) {
       if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
     }
     return names.sort();
   };
 
   // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
   _.extend = function(obj) {
     each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
       if (source) {
         for (var prop in source) {
           obj[prop] = source[prop];
         }
       }
     });
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted properties.
   _.pick = function(obj) {
     var copy = {};
     var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
     each(keys, function(key) {
       if (key in obj) copy[key] = obj[key];
     });
     return copy;
   };
 
    // Return a copy of the object without the blacklisted properties.
   _.omit = function(obj) {
     var copy = {};
     var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
     for (var key in obj) {
       if (!_.contains(keys, key)) copy[key] = obj[key];
     }
     return copy;
   };
 
   // Fill in a given object with default properties.
   _.defaults = function(obj) {
     each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
       if (source) {
         for (var prop in source) {
           if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
         }
       }
     });
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
   _.clone = function(obj) {
     if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
     return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
   };
 
   // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
   // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
   // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
   _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
     interceptor(obj);
     return obj;
   };
 
   // Internal recursive comparison function for `isEqual`.
   var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
     // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
     // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
     if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
     // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
     if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
     // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
     if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
     if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
     // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
     var className = toString.call(a);
     if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
     switch (className) {
       // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
       case '[object String]':
         // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
         // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
         return a == String(b);
       case '[object Number]':
         // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
         // other numeric values.
         return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
       case '[object Date]':
       case '[object Boolean]':
         // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
         // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
         // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
         return +a == +b;
       // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
       case '[object RegExp]':
         return a.source == b.source &&
                a.global == b.global &&
                a.multiline == b.multiline &&
                a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
     }
     if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
     // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
     // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
     var length = aStack.length;
     while (length--) {
       // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
       // unique nested structures.
       if (aStack[length] == a) return bStack[length] == b;
     }
     // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
     aStack.push(a);
     bStack.push(b);
     var size = 0, result = true;
     // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
     if (className == '[object Array]') {
       // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
       size = a.length;
       result = size == b.length;
       if (result) {
         // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
         while (size--) {
           if (!(result = eq(a[size], b[size], aStack, bStack))) break;
         }
       }
     } else {
       // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
       // from different frames are.
       var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
       if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && (aCtor instanceof aCtor) &&
                                _.isFunction(bCtor) && (bCtor instanceof bCtor))) {
         return false;
       }
       // Deep compare objects.
       for (var key in a) {
         if (_.has(a, key)) {
           // Count the expected number of properties.
           size++;
           // Deep compare each member.
           if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
         }
       }
       // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
       if (result) {
         for (key in b) {
           if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
         }
         result = !size;
       }
     }
     // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
     aStack.pop();
     bStack.pop();
     return result;
   };
 
   // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
   _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
     return eq(a, b, [], []);
   };
 
   // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
   // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
   _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
     if (obj == null) return true;
     if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
     for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
     return true;
   };
 
   // Is a given value a DOM element?
   _.isElement = function(obj) {
     return !!(obj && obj.nodeType === 1);
   };
 
   // Is a given value an array?
   // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
   _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
     return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
   };
 
   // Is a given variable an object?
   _.isObject = function(obj) {
     return obj === Object(obj);
   };
 
   // Add some isType methods: isArguments, isFunction, isString, isNumber, isDate, isRegExp.
   each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp'], function(name) {
     _['is' + name] = function(obj) {
       return toString.call(obj) == '[object ' + name + ']';
     };
   });
 
   // Define a fallback version of the method in browsers (ahem, IE), where
   // there isn't any inspectable "Arguments" type.
   if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
     _.isArguments = function(obj) {
       return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
     };
   }
 
   // Optimize `isFunction` if appropriate.
   if (typeof (/./) !== 'function') {
     _.isFunction = function(obj) {
       return typeof obj === 'function';
     };
   }
 
   // Is a given object a finite number?
   _.isFinite = function(obj) {
     return isFinite(obj) && !isNaN(parseFloat(obj));
   };
 
   // Is the given value `NaN`? (NaN is the only number which does not equal itself).
   _.isNaN = function(obj) {
     return _.isNumber(obj) && obj != +obj;
   };
 
   // Is a given value a boolean?
   _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
     return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
   };
 
   // Is a given value equal to null?
   _.isNull = function(obj) {
     return obj === null;
   };
 
   // Is a given variable undefined?
   _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
     return obj === void 0;
   };
 
   // Shortcut function for checking if an object has a given property directly
   // on itself (in other words, not on a prototype).
   _.has = function(obj, key) {
     return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
   };
 
   // Utility Functions
   // -----------------
 
   // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
   // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
   _.noConflict = function() {
     root._ = previousUnderscore;
     return this;
   };
 
   // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
   _.identity = function(value) {
     return value;
   };
 
   // Run a function **n** times.
   _.times = function(n, iterator, context) {
     var accum = Array(n);
     for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iterator.call(context, i);
     return accum;
   };
 
   // Return a random integer between min and max (inclusive).
   _.random = function(min, max) {
     if (max == null) {
       max = min;
       min = 0;
     }
     return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
   };
 
   // List of HTML entities for escaping.
   var entityMap = {
     escape: {
       '&': '&amp;',
       '<': '&lt;',
       '>': '&gt;',
       '"': '&quot;',
       "'": '&#x27;',
       '/': '&#x2F;'
     }
   };
   entityMap.unescape = _.invert(entityMap.escape);
 
   // Regexes containing the keys and values listed immediately above.
   var entityRegexes = {
     escape:   new RegExp('[' + _.keys(entityMap.escape).join('') + ']', 'g'),
     unescape: new RegExp('(' + _.keys(entityMap.unescape).join('|') + ')', 'g')
   };
 
   // Functions for escaping and unescaping strings to/from HTML interpolation.
   _.each(['escape', 'unescape'], function(method) {
     _[method] = function(string) {
       if (string == null) return '';
       return ('' + string).replace(entityRegexes[method], function(match) {
         return entityMap[method][match];
       });
     };
   });
 
   // If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it;
   // otherwise, return it.
   _.result = function(object, property) {
     if (object == null) return null;
     var value = object[property];
     return _.isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
   };
 
   // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
   _.mixin = function(obj) {
     each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
       var func = _[name] = obj[name];
       _.prototype[name] = function() {
         var args = [this._wrapped];
         push.apply(args, arguments);
         return result.call(this, func.apply(_, args));
       };
     });
   };
 
   // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
   // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
   var idCounter = 0;
   _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
     var id = ++idCounter + '';
     return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
   };
 
   // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
   // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
   _.templateSettings = {
     evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
     interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
     escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
   };
 
   // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
   // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
   // guaranteed not to match.
   var noMatch = /(.)^/;
 
   // Certain characters need to be escaped so that they can be put into a
   // string literal.
   var escapes = {
     "'":      "'",
     '\\':     '\\',
     '\r':     'r',
     '\n':     'n',
     '\t':     't',
     '\u2028': 'u2028',
     '\u2029': 'u2029'
   };
 
   var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\t|\u2028|\u2029/g;
 
   // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
   // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
   // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
   _.template = function(text, data, settings) {
     var render;
     settings = _.defaults({}, settings, _.templateSettings);
 
     // Combine delimiters into one regular expression via alternation.
     var matcher = new RegExp([
       (settings.escape || noMatch).source,
       (settings.interpolate || noMatch).source,
       (settings.evaluate || noMatch).source
     ].join('|') + '|$', 'g');
 
     // Compile the template source, escaping string literals appropriately.
     var index = 0;
     var source = "__p+='";
     text.replace(matcher, function(match, escape, interpolate, evaluate, offset) {
       source += text.slice(index, offset)
         .replace(escaper, function(match) { return '\\' + escapes[match]; });
 
       if (escape) {
         source += "'+\n((__t=(" + escape + "))==null?'':_.escape(__t))+\n'";
       }
       if (interpolate) {
         source += "'+\n((__t=(" + interpolate + "))==null?'':__t)+\n'";
       }
       if (evaluate) {
         source += "';\n" + evaluate + "\n__p+='";
       }
       index = offset + match.length;
       return match;
     });
     source += "';\n";
 
     // If a variable is not specified, place data values in local scope.
     if (!settings.variable) source = 'with(obj||{}){\n' + source + '}\n';
 
     source = "var __t,__p='',__j=Array.prototype.join," +
       "print=function(){__p+=__j.call(arguments,'');};\n" +
       source + "return __p;\n";
 
     try {
       render = new Function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
     } catch (e) {
       e.source = source;
       throw e;
     }
 
     if (data) return render(data, _);
     var template = function(data) {
       return render.call(this, data, _);
     };
 
     // Provide the compiled function source as a convenience for precompilation.
     template.source = 'function(' + (settings.variable || 'obj') + '){\n' + source + '}';
 
     return template;
   };
 
   // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
   _.chain = function(obj) {
     return _(obj).chain();
   };
 
   // OOP
   // ---------------
   // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
   // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
   // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
 
   // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
   var result = function(obj) {
     return this._chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
   };
 
   // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
   _.mixin(_);
 
   // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
   each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
     var method = ArrayProto[name];
     _.prototype[name] = function() {
       var obj = this._wrapped;
       method.apply(obj, arguments);
       if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
       return result.call(this, obj);
     };
   });
 
   // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
   each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
     var method = ArrayProto[name];
     _.prototype[name] = function() {
       return result.call(this, method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments));
     };
   });
 
   _.extend(_.prototype, {
 
     // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
     chain: function() {
       this._chain = true;
       return this;
     },
 
     // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
     value: function() {
       return this._wrapped;
     }
 
   });
 
 }).call(this);