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Pridany backbone.js

Cinan Rakosnik authored on 25/02/2013 at 20:07:31
Showing 13 changed files
.generators
History View file @ 341a83e
... ... 
@@ -5,4 +5,4 @@ You are allowed to:
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 2. Remove generators
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 3. Add installed generators
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 To add new installed generators automatically delete this file and reload the project.
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+--><GeneratorsGroup><Generator name="active_record:migration" /><Generator name="active_record:model" /><Generator name="active_record:observer" /><Generator name="active_record:session_migration" /><Generator name="assets" /><Generator name="backbone:install" /><Generator name="backbone:model" /><Generator name="backbone:router" /><Generator name="backbone:scaffold" /><Generator name="coffee:assets" /><Generator name="controller" /><Generator name="erb:controller" /><Generator name="erb:mailer" /><Generator name="erb:scaffold" /><Generator name="factory_girl:model" /><Generator name="generator" /><Generator name="helper" /><Generator name="integration_test" /><Generator name="jquery:install" /><Generator name="js:assets" /><Generator name="mailer" /><Generator name="migration" /><Generator name="model" /><Generator name="mongoid:config" /><Generator name="observer" /><Generator name="performance_test" /><Generator name="resource" /><Generator name="rspec:controller" /><Generator name="rspec:helper" /><Generator name="rspec:install" /><Generator name="rspec:integration" /><Generator name="rspec:mailer" /><Generator name="rspec:model" /><Generator name="rspec:observer" /><Generator name="rspec:scaffold" /><Generator name="rspec:view" /><Generator name="scaffold" /><Generator name="scaffold_controller" /><Generator name="session_migration" /><Generator name="task" /></GeneratorsGroup></Settings>
Gemfile
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... ... 
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ gem 'jquery-rails'
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 gem "haml", "~> 3.1.7"
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 gem "haml-rails", "~> 0.3.5"
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 gem "xmpp4r", "~> 0.5"
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+gem "rails-backbone"
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 # To use ActiveModel has_secure_password
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 # gem 'bcrypt-ruby', '~> 3.0.0'
Gemfile.lock
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... ... 
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ GEM
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     compass-rails (1.0.3)
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       compass (>= 0.12.2, < 0.14)
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     diff-lcs (1.1.3)
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+    ejs (1.0.0)
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     erubis (2.7.0)
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     execjs (1.4.0)
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       multi_json (~> 1.0)
... ... 
@@ -136,6 +137,10 @@ GEM
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       activesupport (= 3.2.12)
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       bundler (~> 1.0)
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       railties (= 3.2.12)
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+    rails-backbone (0.7.2)
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+      coffee-script (~> 2.2.0)
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+      ejs (~> 1.0.0)
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+      railties (>= 3.1.0)
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     railties (3.2.12)
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       actionpack (= 3.2.12)
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       activesupport (= 3.2.12)
... ... 
@@ -207,6 +212,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES
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   mongoid (~> 3.0.20)
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   normalize-rails
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   rails (~> 3.2.11)
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+  rails-backbone
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   rspec-rails
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   sass-rails (~> 3.2.3)
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   test-unit
app/assets/javascripts/application.js
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... ... 
@@ -12,4 +12,9 @@
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 //
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 //= require jquery
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 //= require jquery_ujs
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+//= require underscore
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+//= require backbone
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+//= require backbone_rails_sync
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+//= require backbone_datalink
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+//= require backbone/xmpp
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 //= require_tree .
app/assets/javascripts/backbone/models/.gitkeep
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new file mode 100644
app/assets/javascripts/backbone/routers/.gitkeep
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new file mode 100644
app/assets/javascripts/backbone/templates/.gitkeep
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new file mode 100644
app/assets/javascripts/backbone/views/.gitkeep
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new file mode 100644
app/assets/javascripts/backbone/xmpp.js.coffee
History View file @ 341a83e
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
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+#= require_self
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+#= require_tree ./templates
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+#= require_tree ./models
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+#= require_tree ./views
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+#= require_tree ./routers
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+
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+window.Xmpp =
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+  Models: {}
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+  Collections: {}
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+  Routers: {}
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+  Views: {}
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\ No newline at end of file
app/views/layouts/application.html.haml
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@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@
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     %title= yield(:title) + " | App"
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     %meta{ :charset => "utf-8" }/
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     = stylesheet_link_tag "application"
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+    = javascript_include_tag "application"
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   %body
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     = yield
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\ No newline at end of file
lib/assets/javascripts/backbone.js
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,1498 @@
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+//     Backbone.js 0.9.10
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+
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+//     (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
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+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
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+//     For all details and documentation:
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+//     http://backbonejs.org
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+
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+(function(){
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+
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+  // Initial Setup
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+  // -------------
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+
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+  // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `exports`
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+  // on the server).
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+  var root = this;
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+
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+  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
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+  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
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+  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
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+
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+  // Create a local reference to array methods.
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+  var array = [];
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+  var push = array.push;
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+  var slice = array.slice;
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+  var splice = array.splice;
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+
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+  // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
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+  // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
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+  var Backbone;
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+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
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+    Backbone = exports;
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+  } else {
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+    Backbone = root.Backbone = {};
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+  }
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+
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+  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
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+  Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.10';
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+
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+  // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
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+  var _ = root._;
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+  if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');
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+
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+  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
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+  Backbone.$ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender;
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+
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+  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
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+  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
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+  Backbone.noConflict = function() {
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+    root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
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+    return this;
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+  };
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+
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+  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
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+  // will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
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+  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
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+  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
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+
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+  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
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+  // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
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+  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
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+  // form param named `model`.
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+  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
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+
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+  // Backbone.Events
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+  // ---------------
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+
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+  // Regular expression used to split event strings.
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+  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
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+
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+  // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
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+  // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
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+  // in terms of the existing API.
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+  var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {
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+    if (!name) return true;
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+    if (typeof name === 'object') {
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+      for (var key in name) {
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+        obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
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+      }
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+    } else if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
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+      var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
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+      for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
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+        obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
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+      }
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+    } else {
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+      return true;
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+    }
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+  };
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+
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+  // Optimized internal dispatch function for triggering events. Tries to
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+  // keep the usual cases speedy (most Backbone events have 3 arguments).
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+  var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
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+    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length;
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+    switch (args.length) {
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+    case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx);
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+    return;
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+    case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0]);
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+    return;
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+    case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1]);
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+    return;
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+    case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
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+    return;
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+    default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
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+    }
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+  };
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+
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+  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
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+  // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
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+  // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
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+  // succession.
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+  //
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+  //     var object = {};
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+  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
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+  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
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+  //     object.trigger('expand');
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+  //
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+  var Events = Backbone.Events = {
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+
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+    // Bind one or more space separated events, or an events map,
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+    // to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to
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+    // all events fired.
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+    on: function(name, callback, context) {
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+      if (!(eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
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+      this._events || (this._events = {});
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+      var list = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
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+      list.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Bind events to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
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+    // the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
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+    once: function(name, callback, context) {
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+      if (!(eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
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+      var self = this;
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+      var once = _.once(function() {
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+        self.off(name, once);
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+        callback.apply(this, arguments);
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+      });
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+      once._callback = callback;
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+      this.on(name, once, context);
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
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+    // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
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+    // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
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+    // callbacks for all events.
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+    off: function(name, callback, context) {
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+      var list, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
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+      if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
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+      if (!name && !callback && !context) {
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+        this._events = {};
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+        return this;
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+      }
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+
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+      names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);
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+      for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
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+        name = names[i];
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+        if (list = this._events[name]) {
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+          events = [];
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+          if (callback || context) {
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+            for (j = 0, k = list.length; j < k; j++) {
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+              ev = list[j];
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+              if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback &&
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+                               callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||
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+                  (context && context !== ev.context)) {
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+                events.push(ev);
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+              }
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+            }
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+          }
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+          this._events[name] = events;
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+        }
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+      }
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+
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
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+    // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
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+    // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
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+    // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
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+    trigger: function(name) {
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+      if (!this._events) return this;
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+      var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
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+      if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this;
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+      var events = this._events[name];
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+      var allEvents = this._events.all;
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+      if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
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+      if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments);
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // An inversion-of-control version of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
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+    // an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's listening to.
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+    listenTo: function(obj, name, callback) {
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+      var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
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+      var id = obj._listenerId || (obj._listenerId = _.uniqueId('l'));
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+      listeners[id] = obj;
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+      obj.on(name, typeof name === 'object' ? this : callback, this);
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
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+    // to every object it's currently listening to.
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+    stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) {
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+      var listeners = this._listeners;
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+      if (!listeners) return;
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+      if (obj) {
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+        obj.off(name, typeof name === 'object' ? this : callback, this);
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+        if (!name && !callback) delete listeners[obj._listenerId];
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+      } else {
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+        if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
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+        for (var id in listeners) {
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+          listeners[id].off(name, callback, this);
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+        }
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+        this._listeners = {};
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+      }
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+      return this;
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+    }
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+  };
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+
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+  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
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+  Events.bind   = Events.on;
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+  Events.unbind = Events.off;
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+
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+  // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
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+  // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
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+  _.extend(Backbone, Events);
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+
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+  // Backbone.Model
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+  // --------------
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+
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+  // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
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+  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
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+  var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
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+    var defaults;
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+    var attrs = attributes || {};
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+    this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
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+    this.attributes = {};
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+    if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
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+    if (options && options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
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+    if (defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults')) {
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+      attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, defaults);
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+    }
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+    this.set(attrs, options);
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+    this.changed = {};
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+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
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+  };
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+
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+  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
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+  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
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+
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+    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
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+    changed: null,
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+
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+    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
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+    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
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+    idAttribute: 'id',
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+
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+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
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+    // initialization logic.
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+    initialize: function(){},
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+
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+    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
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+    toJSON: function(options) {
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+      return _.clone(this.attributes);
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+    },
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+
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+    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
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+    sync: function() {
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+      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
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+    },
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+
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+    // Get the value of an attribute.
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+    get: function(attr) {
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+      return this.attributes[attr];
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+    },
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+
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+    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
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+    escape: function(attr) {
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+      return _.escape(this.get(attr));
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+    },
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+
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+    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
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+    // or undefined.
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+    has: function(attr) {
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+      return this.get(attr) != null;
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+    },
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+
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+    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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+
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+    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
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+    // you choose to silence it.
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+    set: function(key, val, options) {
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+      var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current;
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+      if (key == null) return this;
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+
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+      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
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+      if (typeof key === 'object') {
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+        attrs = key;
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+        options = val;
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+      } else {
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+        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
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+      }
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+
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+      options || (options = {});
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+
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+      // Run validation.
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+      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
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+
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+      // Extract attributes and options.
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+      unset           = options.unset;
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+      silent          = options.silent;
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+      changes         = [];
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+      changing        = this._changing;
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+      this._changing  = true;
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+
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+      if (!changing) {
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+        this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
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+        this.changed = {};
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+      }
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+      current = this.attributes, prev = this._previousAttributes;
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+
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+      // Check for changes of `id`.
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+      if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];
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+
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+      // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
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+      for (attr in attrs) {
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+        val = attrs[attr];
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+        if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
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+        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
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+          this.changed[attr] = val;
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+        } else {
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+          delete this.changed[attr];
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+        }
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+        unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
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+      }
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+
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+      // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
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+      if (!silent) {
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+        if (changes.length) this._pending = true;
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+        for (var i = 0, l = changes.length; i < l; i++) {
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+          this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
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+        }
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+      }
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+
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+      if (changing) return this;
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+      if (!silent) {
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+        while (this._pending) {
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+          this._pending = false;
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+          this.trigger('change', this, options);
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+        }
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+      }
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+      this._pending = false;
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+      this._changing = false;
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+      return this;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
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+    // to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
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+    unset: function(attr, options) {
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+      return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
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+    },
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+
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+    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
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+    // to silence it.
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+    clear: function(options) {
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+      var attrs = {};
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+      for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
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+      return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
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+    },
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+
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+    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
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+    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
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+    hasChanged: function(attr) {
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+      if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
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+      return _.has(this.changed, attr);
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+    },
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+
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+    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
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+    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
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+    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
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+    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
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+    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
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+    // determining if there *would be* a change.
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+    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
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+      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
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+      var val, changed = false;
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+      var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
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+      for (var attr in diff) {
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+        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
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+        (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
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+      }
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+      return changed;
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+    },
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+
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+    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
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+    // `"change"` event was fired.
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+    previous: function(attr) {
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+      if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
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+      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
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+    },
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+
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+    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
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+    // `"change"` event.
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+    previousAttributes: function() {
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+      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
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+    },
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+
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+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
409 
+
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+    // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
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+    // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
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+    // triggering a `"change"` event.
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+    fetch: function(options) {
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+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
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+      if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
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+      var success = options.success;
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+      options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
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+        if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false;
419 
+        if (success) success(model, resp, options);
420 
+      };
421 
+      return this.sync('read', this, options);
422 
+    },
423 
+
424 
+    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
425 
+    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
426 
+    // state will be `set` again.
427 
+    save: function(key, val, options) {
428 
+      var attrs, success, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes;
429 
+
430 
+      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
431 
+      if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
432 
+        attrs = key;
433 
+        options = val;
434 
+      } else {
435 
+        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
436 
+      }
437 
+
438 
+      // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as `set(attr).save(null, opts)`.
439 
+      if (attrs && (!options || !options.wait) && !this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
440 
+
441 
+      options = _.extend({validate: true}, options);
442 
+
443 
+      // Do not persist invalid models.
444 
+      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
445 
+
446 
+      // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}`.
447 
+      if (attrs && options.wait) {
448 
+        this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
449 
+      }
450 
+
451 
+      // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
452 
+      // updated with the server-side state.
453 
+      if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
454 
+      success = options.success;
455 
+      options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
456 
+        // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
457 
+        model.attributes = attributes;
458 
+        var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, options);
459 
+        if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
460 
+        if (_.isObject(serverAttrs) && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) {
461 
+          return false;
462 
+        }
463 
+        if (success) success(model, resp, options);
464 
+      };
465 
+
466 
+      // Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.
467 
+      method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
468 
+      if (method === 'patch') options.attrs = attrs;
469 
+      xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
470 
+
471 
+      // Restore attributes.
472 
+      if (attrs && options.wait) this.attributes = attributes;
473 
+
474 
+      return xhr;
475 
+    },
476 
+
477 
+    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
478 
+    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
479 
+    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
480 
+    destroy: function(options) {
481 
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
482 
+      var model = this;
483 
+      var success = options.success;
484 
+
485 
+      var destroy = function() {
486 
+        model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
487 
+      };
488 
+
489 
+      options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
490 
+        if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
491 
+        if (success) success(model, resp, options);
492 
+      };
493 
+
494 
+      if (this.isNew()) {
495 
+        options.success(this, null, options);
496 
+        return false;
497 
+      }
498 
+
499 
+      var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
500 
+      if (!options.wait) destroy();
501 
+      return xhr;
502 
+    },
503 
+
504 
+    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
505 
+    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
506 
+    // that will be called.
507 
+    url: function() {
508 
+      var base = _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || _.result(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
509 
+      if (this.isNew()) return base;
510 
+      return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) === '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
511 
+    },
512 
+
513 
+    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
514 
+    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
515 
+    parse: function(resp, options) {
516 
+      return resp;
517 
+    },
518 
+
519 
+    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
520 
+    clone: function() {
521 
+      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
522 
+    },
523 
+
524 
+    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
525 
+    isNew: function() {
526 
+      return this.id == null;
527 
+    },
528 
+
529 
+    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
530 
+    isValid: function(options) {
531 
+      return !this.validate || !this.validate(this.attributes, options);
532 
+    },
533 
+
534 
+    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
535 
+    // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire a general
536 
+    // `"error"` event and call the error callback, if specified.
537 
+    _validate: function(attrs, options) {
538 
+      if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
539 
+      attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
540 
+      var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
541 
+      if (!error) return true;
542 
+      this.trigger('invalid', this, error, options || {});
543 
+      return false;
544 
+    }
545 
+
546 
+  });
547 
+
548 
+  // Backbone.Collection
549 
+  // -------------------
550 
+
551 
+  // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
552 
+  // or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
553 
+  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
554 
+  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
555 
+    options || (options = {});
556 
+    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
557 
+    if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
558 
+    this.models = [];
559 
+    this._reset();
560 
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
561 
+    if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
562 
+  };
563 
+
564 
+  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
565 
+  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
566 
+
567 
+    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
568 
+    // This should be overridden in most cases.
569 
+    model: Model,
570 
+
571 
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
572 
+    // initialization logic.
573 
+    initialize: function(){},
574 
+
575 
+    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
576 
+    // models' attributes.
577 
+    toJSON: function(options) {
578 
+      return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
579 
+    },
580 
+
581 
+    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
582 
+    sync: function() {
583 
+      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
584 
+    },
585 
+
586 
+    // Add a model, or list of models to the set.
587 
+    add: function(models, options) {
588 
+      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
589 
+      options || (options = {});
590 
+      var i, l, model, attrs, existing, doSort, add, at, sort, sortAttr;
591 
+      add = [];
592 
+      at = options.at;
593 
+      sort = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort != false;
594 
+      sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
595 
+
596 
+      // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
597 
+      // from being added.
598 
+      for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
599 
+        if (!(model = this._prepareModel(attrs = models[i], options))) {
600 
+          this.trigger('invalid', this, attrs, options);
601 
+          continue;
602 
+        }
603 
+
604 
+        // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
605 
+        // optionally merge it into the existing model.
606 
+        if (existing = this.get(model)) {
607 
+          if (options.merge) {
608 
+            existing.set(attrs === model ? model.attributes : attrs, options);
609 
+            if (sort && !doSort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) doSort = true;
610 
+          }
611 
+          continue;
612 
+        }
613 
+
614 
+        // This is a new model, push it to the `add` list.
615 
+        add.push(model);
616 
+
617 
+        // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
618 
+        // `id` and by `cid`.
619 
+        model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
620 
+        this._byId[model.cid] = model;
621 
+        if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
622 
+      }
623 
+
624 
+      // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
625 
+      if (add.length) {
626 
+        if (sort) doSort = true;
627 
+        this.length += add.length;
628 
+        if (at != null) {
629 
+          splice.apply(this.models, [at, 0].concat(add));
630 
+        } else {
631 
+          push.apply(this.models, add);
632 
+        }
633 
+      }
634 
+
635 
+      // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
636 
+      if (doSort) this.sort({silent: true});
637 
+
638 
+      if (options.silent) return this;
639 
+
640 
+      // Trigger `add` events.
641 
+      for (i = 0, l = add.length; i < l; i++) {
642 
+        (model = add[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options);
643 
+      }
644 
+
645 
+      // Trigger `sort` if the collection was sorted.
646 
+      if (doSort) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
647 
+
648 
+      return this;
649 
+    },
650 
+
651 
+    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
652 
+    remove: function(models, options) {
653 
+      models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
654 
+      options || (options = {});
655 
+      var i, l, index, model;
656 
+      for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
657 
+        model = this.get(models[i]);
658 
+        if (!model) continue;
659 
+        delete this._byId[model.id];
660 
+        delete this._byId[model.cid];
661 
+        index = this.indexOf(model);
662 
+        this.models.splice(index, 1);
663 
+        this.length--;
664 
+        if (!options.silent) {
665 
+          options.index = index;
666 
+          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
667 
+        }
668 
+        this._removeReference(model);
669 
+      }
670 
+      return this;
671 
+    },
672 
+
673 
+    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
674 
+    push: function(model, options) {
675 
+      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
676 
+      this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
677 
+      return model;
678 
+    },
679 
+
680 
+    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
681 
+    pop: function(options) {
682 
+      var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
683 
+      this.remove(model, options);
684 
+      return model;
685 
+    },
686 
+
687 
+    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
688 
+    unshift: function(model, options) {
689 
+      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
690 
+      this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
691 
+      return model;
692 
+    },
693 
+
694 
+    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
695 
+    shift: function(options) {
696 
+      var model = this.at(0);
697 
+      this.remove(model, options);
698 
+      return model;
699 
+    },
700 
+
701 
+    // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
702 
+    slice: function(begin, end) {
703 
+      return this.models.slice(begin, end);
704 
+    },
705 
+
706 
+    // Get a model from the set by id.
707 
+    get: function(obj) {
708 
+      if (obj == null) return void 0;
709 
+      this._idAttr || (this._idAttr = this.model.prototype.idAttribute);
710 
+      return this._byId[obj.id || obj.cid || obj[this._idAttr] || obj];
711 
+    },
712 
+
713 
+    // Get the model at the given index.
714 
+    at: function(index) {
715 
+      return this.models[index];
716 
+    },
717 
+
718 
+    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.
719 
+    where: function(attrs) {
720 
+      if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];
721 
+      return this.filter(function(model) {
722 
+        for (var key in attrs) {
723 
+          if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
724 
+        }
725 
+        return true;
726 
+      });
727 
+    },
728 
+
729 
+    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
730 
+    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
731 
+    // is added.
732 
+    sort: function(options) {
733 
+      if (!this.comparator) {
734 
+        throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
735 
+      }
736 
+      options || (options = {});
737 
+
738 
+      // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
739 
+      if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) {
740 
+        this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this);
741 
+      } else {
742 
+        this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this));
743 
+      }
744 
+
745 
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
746 
+      return this;
747 
+    },
748 
+
749 
+    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
750 
+    pluck: function(attr) {
751 
+      return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
752 
+    },
753 
+
754 
+    // Smartly update a collection with a change set of models, adding,
755 
+    // removing, and merging as necessary.
756 
+    update: function(models, options) {
757 
+      options = _.extend({add: true, merge: true, remove: true}, options);
758 
+      if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
759 
+      var model, i, l, existing;
760 
+      var add = [], remove = [], modelMap = {};
761 
+
762 
+      // Allow a single model (or no argument) to be passed.
763 
+      if (!_.isArray(models)) models = models ? [models] : [];
764 
+
765 
+      // Proxy to `add` for this case, no need to iterate...
766 
+      if (options.add && !options.remove) return this.add(models, options);
767 
+
768 
+      // Determine which models to add and merge, and which to remove.
769 
+      for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
770 
+        model = models[i];
771 
+        existing = this.get(model);
772 
+        if (options.remove && existing) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
773 
+        if ((options.add && !existing) || (options.merge && existing)) {
774 
+          add.push(model);
775 
+        }
776 
+      }
777 
+      if (options.remove) {
778 
+        for (i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
779 
+          model = this.models[i];
780 
+          if (!modelMap[model.cid]) remove.push(model);
781 
+        }
782 
+      }
783 
+
784 
+      // Remove models (if applicable) before we add and merge the rest.
785 
+      if (remove.length) this.remove(remove, options);
786 
+      if (add.length) this.add(add, options);
787 
+      return this;
788 
+    },
789 
+
790 
+    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
791 
+    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
792 
+    // any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
793 
+    reset: function(models, options) {
794 
+      options || (options = {});
795 
+      if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
796 
+      for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
797 
+        this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
798 
+      }
799 
+      options.previousModels = this.models.slice();
800 
+      this._reset();
801 
+      if (models) this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
802 
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
803 
+      return this;
804 
+    },
805 
+
806 
+    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
807 
+    // collection when they arrive. If `update: true` is passed, the response
808 
+    // data will be passed through the `update` method instead of `reset`.
809 
+    fetch: function(options) {
810 
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
811 
+      if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
812 
+      var success = options.success;
813 
+      options.success = function(collection, resp, options) {
814 
+        var method = options.update ? 'update' : 'reset';
815 
+        collection[method](resp, options);
816 
+        if (success) success(collection, resp, options);
817 
+      };
818 
+      return this.sync('read', this, options);
819 
+    },
820 
+
821 
+    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
822 
+    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
823 
+    // wait for the server to agree.
824 
+    create: function(model, options) {
825 
+      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
826 
+      if (!(model = this._prepareModel(model, options))) return false;
827 
+      if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options);
828 
+      var collection = this;
829 
+      var success = options.success;
830 
+      options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
831 
+        if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
832 
+        if (success) success(model, resp, options);
833 
+      };
834 
+      model.save(null, options);
835 
+      return model;
836 
+    },
837 
+
838 
+    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
839 
+    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
840 
+    parse: function(resp, options) {
841 
+      return resp;
842 
+    },
843 
+
844 
+    // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
845 
+    clone: function() {
846 
+      return new this.constructor(this.models);
847 
+    },
848 
+
849 
+    // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
850 
+    _reset: function() {
851 
+      this.length = 0;
852 
+      this.models.length = 0;
853 
+      this._byId  = {};
854 
+    },
855 
+
856 
+    // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
857 
+    _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
858 
+      if (attrs instanceof Model) {
859 
+        if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
860 
+        return attrs;
861 
+      }
862 
+      options || (options = {});
863 
+      options.collection = this;
864 
+      var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
865 
+      if (!model._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
866 
+      return model;
867 
+    },
868 
+
869 
+    // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
870 
+    _removeReference: function(model) {
871 
+      if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
872 
+      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
873 
+    },
874 
+
875 
+    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
876 
+    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
877 
+    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
878 
+    // in other collections are ignored.
879 
+    _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
880 
+      if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
881 
+      if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
882 
+      if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
883 
+        delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
884 
+        if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
885 
+      }
886 
+      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
887 
+    },
888 
+
889 
+    sortedIndex: function (model, value, context) {
890 
+      value || (value = this.comparator);
891 
+      var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
892 
+        return model.get(value);
893 
+      };
894 
+      return _.sortedIndex(this.models, model, iterator, context);
895 
+    }
896 
+
897 
+  });
898 
+
899 
+  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
900 
+  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl',
901 
+    'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select',
902 
+    'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke',
903 
+    'max', 'min', 'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'head', 'take', 'initial', 'rest',
904 
+    'tail', 'drop', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf', 'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf',
905 
+    'isEmpty', 'chain'];
906 
+
907 
+  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
908 
+  _.each(methods, function(method) {
909 
+    Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
910 
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
911 
+      args.unshift(this.models);
912 
+      return _[method].apply(_, args);
913 
+    };
914 
+  });
915 
+
916 
+  // Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
917 
+  var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy'];
918 
+
919 
+  // Use attributes instead of properties.
920 
+  _.each(attributeMethods, function(method) {
921 
+    Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
922 
+      var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
923 
+        return model.get(value);
924 
+      };
925 
+      return _[method](this.models, iterator, context);
926 
+    };
927 
+  });
928 
+
929 
+  // Backbone.Router
930 
+  // ---------------
931 
+
932 
+  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
933 
+  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
934 
+  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
935 
+    options || (options = {});
936 
+    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
937 
+    this._bindRoutes();
938 
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
939 
+  };
940 
+
941 
+  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
942 
+  // parts of route strings.
943 
+  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
944 
+  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
945 
+  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
946 
+  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
947 
+
948 
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
949 
+  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
950 
+
951 
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
952 
+    // initialization logic.
953 
+    initialize: function(){},
954 
+
955 
+    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
956 
+    //
957 
+    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
958 
+    //       ...
959 
+    //     });
960 
+    //
961 
+    route: function(route, name, callback) {
962 
+      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
963 
+      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
964 
+      Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
965 
+        var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
966 
+        callback && callback.apply(this, args);
967 
+        this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
968 
+        this.trigger('route', name, args);
969 
+        Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
970 
+      }, this));
971 
+      return this;
972 
+    },
973 
+
974 
+    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
975 
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
976 
+      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
977 
+      return this;
978 
+    },
979 
+
980 
+    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
981 
+    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
982 
+    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
983 
+    _bindRoutes: function() {
984 
+      if (!this.routes) return;
985 
+      var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
986 
+      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
987 
+        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
988 
+      }
989 
+    },
990 
+
991 
+    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
992 
+    // against the current location hash.
993 
+    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
994 
+      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
995 
+                   .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
996 
+                   .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional){
997 
+                     return optional ? match : '([^\/]+)';
998 
+                   })
999 
+                   .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
1000 
+      return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
1001 
+    },
1002 
+
1003 
+    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
1004 
+    // extracted parameters.
1005 
+    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
1006 
+      return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
1007 
+    }
1008 
+
1009 
+  });
1010 
+
1011 
+  // Backbone.History
1012 
+  // ----------------
1013 
+
1014 
+  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the
1015 
+  // browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
1016 
+  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
1017 
+    this.handlers = [];
1018 
+    _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
1019 
+
1020 
+    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
1021 
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
1022 
+      this.location = window.location;
1023 
+      this.history = window.history;
1024 
+    }
1025 
+  };
1026 
+
1027 
+  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
1028 
+  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
1029 
+
1030 
+  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
1031 
+  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
1032 
+
1033 
+  // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
1034 
+  var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;
1035 
+
1036 
+  // Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
1037 
+  var trailingSlash = /\/$/;
1038 
+
1039 
+  // Has the history handling already been started?
1040 
+  History.started = false;
1041 
+
1042 
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
1043 
+  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
1044 
+
1045 
+    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
1046 
+    // twenty times a second.
1047 
+    interval: 50,
1048 
+
1049 
+    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
1050 
+    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
1051 
+    getHash: function(window) {
1052 
+      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
1053 
+      return match ? match[1] : '';
1054 
+    },
1055 
+
1056 
+    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
1057 
+    // the hash, or the override.
1058 
+    getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
1059 
+      if (fragment == null) {
1060 
+        if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange || forcePushState) {
1061 
+          fragment = this.location.pathname;
1062 
+          var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
1063 
+          if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.substr(root.length);
1064 
+        } else {
1065 
+          fragment = this.getHash();
1066 
+        }
1067 
+      }
1068 
+      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
1069 
+    },
1070 
+
1071 
+    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
1072 
+    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
1073 
+    start: function(options) {
1074 
+      if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
1075 
+      History.started = true;
1076 
+
1077 
+      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
1078 
+      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
1079 
+      this.options          = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);
1080 
+      this.root             = this.options.root;
1081 
+      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
1082 
+      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
1083 
+      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState);
1084 
+      var fragment          = this.getFragment();
1085 
+      var docMode           = document.documentMode;
1086 
+      var oldIE             = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));
1087 
+
1088 
+      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
1089 
+      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
1090 
+
1091 
+      if (oldIE && this._wantsHashChange) {
1092 
+        this.iframe = Backbone.$('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
1093 
+        this.navigate(fragment);
1094 
+      }
1095 
+
1096 
+      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
1097 
+      // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
1098 
+      if (this._hasPushState) {
1099 
+        Backbone.$(window).on('popstate', this.checkUrl);
1100 
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
1101 
+        Backbone.$(window).on('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
1102 
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
1103 
+        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
1104 
+      }
1105 
+
1106 
+      // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
1107 
+      // opened by a non-pushState browser.
1108 
+      this.fragment = fragment;
1109 
+      var loc = this.location;
1110 
+      var atRoot = loc.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;
1111 
+
1112 
+      // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,
1113 
+      // but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
1114 
+      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
1115 
+        this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
1116 
+        this.location.replace(this.root + this.location.search + '#' + this.fragment);
1117 
+        // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
1118 
+        return true;
1119 
+
1120 
+      // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
1121 
+      // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
1122 
+      } else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {
1123 
+        this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
1124 
+        this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment + loc.search);
1125 
+      }
1126 
+
1127 
+      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
1128 
+    },
1129 
+
1130 
+    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
1131 
+    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
1132 
+    stop: function() {
1133 
+      Backbone.$(window).off('popstate', this.checkUrl).off('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
1134 
+      clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
1135 
+      History.started = false;
1136 
+    },
1137 
+
1138 
+    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
1139 
+    // may override previous routes.
1140 
+    route: function(route, callback) {
1141 
+      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
1142 
+    },
1143 
+
1144 
+    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
1145 
+    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
1146 
+    checkUrl: function(e) {
1147 
+      var current = this.getFragment();
1148 
+      if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
1149 
+        current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));
1150 
+      }
1151 
+      if (current === this.fragment) return false;
1152 
+      if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
1153 
+      this.loadUrl() || this.loadUrl(this.getHash());
1154 
+    },
1155 
+
1156 
+    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
1157 
+    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
1158 
+    // returns `false`.
1159 
+    loadUrl: function(fragmentOverride) {
1160 
+      var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);
1161 
+      var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
1162 
+        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
1163 
+          handler.callback(fragment);
1164 
+          return true;
1165 
+        }
1166 
+      });
1167 
+      return matched;
1168 
+    },
1169 
+
1170 
+    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
1171 
+    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
1172 
+    // the fragment in advance.
1173 
+    //
1174 
+    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
1175 
+    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
1176 
+    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
1177 
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
1178 
+      if (!History.started) return false;
1179 
+      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: options};
1180 
+      fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
1181 
+      if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
1182 
+      this.fragment = fragment;
1183 
+      var url = this.root + fragment;
1184 
+
1185 
+      // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
1186 
+      if (this._hasPushState) {
1187 
+        this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
1188 
+
1189 
+      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
1190 
+      // fragment to store history.
1191 
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
1192 
+        this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
1193 
+        if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {
1194 
+          // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
1195 
+          // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
1196 
+          // want this.
1197 
+          if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
1198 
+          this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
1199 
+        }
1200 
+
1201 
+      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
1202 
+      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
1203 
+      } else {
1204 
+        return this.location.assign(url);
1205 
+      }
1206 
+      if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);
1207 
+    },
1208 
+
1209 
+    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
1210 
+    // a new one to the browser history.
1211 
+    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
1212 
+      if (replace) {
1213 
+        var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
1214 
+        location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
1215 
+      } else {
1216 
+        // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
1217 
+        location.hash = '#' + fragment;
1218 
+      }
1219 
+    }
1220 
+
1221 
+  });
1222 
+
1223 
+  // Create the default Backbone.history.
1224 
+  Backbone.history = new History;
1225 
+
1226 
+  // Backbone.View
1227 
+  // -------------
1228 
+
1229 
+  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
1230 
+  // if an existing element is not provided...
1231 
+  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
1232 
+    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
1233 
+    this._configure(options || {});
1234 
+    this._ensureElement();
1235 
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
1236 
+    this.delegateEvents();
1237 
+  };
1238 
+
1239 
+  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
1240 
+  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
1241 
+
1242 
+  // List of view options to be merged as properties.
1243 
+  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
1244 
+
1245 
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
1246 
+  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
1247 
+
1248 
+    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
1249 
+    tagName: 'div',
1250 
+
1251 
+    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
1252 
+    // current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
1253 
+    $: function(selector) {
1254 
+      return this.$el.find(selector);
1255 
+    },
1256 
+
1257 
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
1258 
+    // initialization logic.
1259 
+    initialize: function(){},
1260 
+
1261 
+    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
1262 
+    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
1263 
+    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
1264 
+    render: function() {
1265 
+      return this;
1266 
+    },
1267 
+
1268 
+    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
1269 
+    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
1270 
+    remove: function() {
1271 
+      this.$el.remove();
1272 
+      this.stopListening();
1273 
+      return this;
1274 
+    },
1275 
+
1276 
+    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
1277 
+    // re-delegation.
1278 
+    setElement: function(element, delegate) {
1279 
+      if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
1280 
+      this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
1281 
+      this.el = this.$el[0];
1282 
+      if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
1283 
+      return this;
1284 
+    },
1285 
+
1286 
+    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
1287 
+    //
1288 
+    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
1289 
+    //
1290 
+    //     {
1291 
+    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
1292 
+    //       'click .button':     'save'
1293 
+    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
1294 
+    //     }
1295 
+    //
1296 
+    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
1297 
+    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
1298 
+    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
1299 
+    // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
1300 
+    // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
1301 
+    delegateEvents: function(events) {
1302 
+      if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return;
1303 
+      this.undelegateEvents();
1304 
+      for (var key in events) {
1305 
+        var method = events[key];
1306 
+        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
1307 
+        if (!method) throw new Error('Method "' + events[key] + '" does not exist');
1308 
+        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
1309 
+        var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
1310 
+        method = _.bind(method, this);
1311 
+        eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
1312 
+        if (selector === '') {
1313 
+          this.$el.on(eventName, method);
1314 
+        } else {
1315 
+          this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method);
1316 
+        }
1317 
+      }
1318 
+    },
1319 
+
1320 
+    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
1321 
+    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
1322 
+    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
1323 
+    undelegateEvents: function() {
1324 
+      this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
1325 
+    },
1326 
+
1327 
+    // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
1328 
+    // Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
1329 
+    // attached directly to the view.
1330 
+    _configure: function(options) {
1331 
+      if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), options);
1332 
+      _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
1333 
+      this.options = options;
1334 
+    },
1335 
+
1336 
+    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
1337 
+    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
1338 
+    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
1339 
+    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
1340 
+    _ensureElement: function() {
1341 
+      if (!this.el) {
1342 
+        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
1343 
+        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
1344 
+        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
1345 
+        var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs);
1346 
+        this.setElement($el, false);
1347 
+      } else {
1348 
+        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
1349 
+      }
1350 
+    }
1351 
+
1352 
+  });
1353 
+
1354 
+  // Backbone.sync
1355 
+  // -------------
1356 
+
1357 
+  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
1358 
+  var methodMap = {
1359 
+    'create': 'POST',
1360 
+    'update': 'PUT',
1361 
+    'patch':  'PATCH',
1362 
+    'delete': 'DELETE',
1363 
+    'read':   'GET'
1364 
+  };
1365 
+
1366 
+  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
1367 
+  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
1368 
+  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
1369 
+  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
1370 
+  //
1371 
+  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
1372 
+  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
1373 
+  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
1374 
+  //
1375 
+  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
1376 
+  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
1377 
+  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
1378 
+  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
1379 
+  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
1380 
+  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
1381 
+  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
1382 
+    var type = methodMap[method];
1383 
+
1384 
+    // Default options, unless specified.
1385 
+    _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
1386 
+      emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
1387 
+      emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
1388 
+    });
1389 
+
1390 
+    // Default JSON-request options.
1391 
+    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
1392 
+
1393 
+    // Ensure that we have a URL.
1394 
+    if (!options.url) {
1395 
+      params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
1396 
+    }
1397 
+
1398 
+    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
1399 
+    if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
1400 
+      params.contentType = 'application/json';
1401 
+      params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
1402 
+    }
1403 
+
1404 
+    // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
1405 
+    if (options.emulateJSON) {
1406 
+      params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
1407 
+      params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
1408 
+    }
1409 
+
1410 
+    // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
1411 
+    // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
1412 
+    if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
1413 
+      params.type = 'POST';
1414 
+      if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
1415 
+      var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
1416 
+      options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
1417 
+        xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
1418 
+        if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
1419 
+      };
1420 
+    }
1421 
+
1422 
+    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
1423 
+    if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
1424 
+      params.processData = false;
1425 
+    }
1426 
+
1427 
+    var success = options.success;
1428 
+    options.success = function(resp) {
1429 
+      if (success) success(model, resp, options);
1430 
+      model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
1431 
+    };
1432 
+
1433 
+    var error = options.error;
1434 
+    options.error = function(xhr) {
1435 
+      if (error) error(model, xhr, options);
1436 
+      model.trigger('error', model, xhr, options);
1437 
+    };
1438 
+
1439 
+    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
1440 
+    var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
1441 
+    model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
1442 
+    return xhr;
1443 
+  };
1444 
+
1445 
+  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
1446 
+  Backbone.ajax = function() {
1447 
+    return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
1448 
+  };
1449 
+
1450 
+  // Helpers
1451 
+  // -------
1452 
+
1453 
+  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
1454 
+  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
1455 
+  // class properties to be extended.
1456 
+  var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
1457 
+    var parent = this;
1458 
+    var child;
1459 
+
1460 
+    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
1461 
+    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
1462 
+    // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
1463 
+    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
1464 
+      child = protoProps.constructor;
1465 
+    } else {
1466 
+      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
1467 
+    }
1468 
+
1469 
+    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
1470 
+    _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
1471 
+
1472 
+    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
1473 
+    // `parent`'s constructor function.
1474 
+    var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
1475 
+    Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
1476 
+    child.prototype = new Surrogate;
1477 
+
1478 
+    // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
1479 
+    // if supplied.
1480 
+    if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
1481 
+
1482 
+    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
1483 
+    // later.
1484 
+    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
1485 
+
1486 
+    return child;
1487 
+  };
1488 
+
1489 
+  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
1490 
+  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
1491 
+
1492 
+  // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
1493 
+  var urlError = function() {
1494 
+    throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
1495 
+  };
1496 
+
1497 
+}).call(this);
lib/assets/javascripts/backbone_rails_sync.js
History View file @ 341a83e
0 1498 
new file mode 100644
... ... 
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
0 
+(function($) {
1 
+  var methodMap = {
2 
+    'create': 'POST',
3 
+    'update': 'PUT',
4 
+    'delete': 'DELETE',
5 
+    'read'  : 'GET'
6 
+  };
7 
+
8 
+  var getUrl = function(object) {
9 
+    if (!(object && object.url)) return null;
10 
+    return _.isFunction(object.url) ? object.url() : object.url;
11 
+  };
12 
+
13 
+  var urlError = function() {
14 
+    throw new Error("A 'url' property or function must be specified");
15 
+  };
16 
+
17 
+  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
18 
+    var type = methodMap[method];
19 
+
20 
+    // Default JSON-request options.
21 
+    var params = _.extend({
22 
+      type:         type,
23 
+      dataType:     'json',
24 
+      beforeSend: function( xhr ) {
25 
+        if (!options.noCSRF) {
26 
+          var token = $('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr('content');
27 
+          if (token) xhr.setRequestHeader('X-CSRF-Token', token);
28 
+        }
29 
+        model.trigger('sync:start');
30 
+      }
31 
+    }, options);
32 
+
33 
+    if (!params.url) {
34 
+      params.url = getUrl(model) || urlError();
35 
+    }
36 
+
37 
+    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
38 
+    if (!params.data && model && (method == 'create' || method == 'update')) {
39 
+      params.contentType = 'application/json';
40 
+
41 
+      var data = {}
42 
+
43 
+      if(model.paramRoot) {
44 
+        data[model.paramRoot] = model.toJSON();
45 
+      } else {
46 
+        data = model.toJSON();
47 
+      }
48 
+
49 
+      params.data = JSON.stringify(data)
50 
+    }
51 
+
52 
+    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
53 
+    if (params.type !== 'GET') {
54 
+      params.processData = false;
55 
+    }
56 
+
57 
+    // Trigger the sync end event
58 
+    var complete = options.complete;
59 
+    params.complete = function(jqXHR, textStatus) {
60 
+      model.trigger('sync:end');
61 
+      if (complete) complete(jqXHR, textStatus);
62 
+    };
63 
+
64 
+    var success = options.success;
65 
+    params.success = function(resp) {
66 
+      if (success) success(model, resp, options);
67 
+      model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
68 
+    };
69 
+
70 
+    var error = options.error;
71 
+    params.error = function(xhr) {
72 
+      if (error) error(model, xhr, options);
73 
+      model.trigger('error', model, xhr, options);
74 
+    };
75 
+
76 
+    // Make the request.
77 
+    return $.ajax(params);
78 
+  }
79 
+
80 
+})(jQuery);
lib/assets/javascripts/underscore.js
History View file @ 341a83e
0 81 
new file mode 100644
... ... 
@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
0 
+//     Underscore.js 1.4.4
1 
+//     http://underscorejs.org
2 
+//     (c) 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
3 
+//     Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
4 
+
5 
+(function() {
6 
+
7 
+  // Baseline setup
8 
+  // --------------
9 
+
10 
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
11 
+  var root = this;
12 
+
13 
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
14 
+  var previousUnderscore = root._;
15 
+
16 
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
17 
+  var breaker = {};
18 
+
19 
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
20 
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
21 
+
22 
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
23 
+  var push             = ArrayProto.push,
24 
+      slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
25 
+      concat           = ArrayProto.concat,
26 
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
27 
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
28 
+
29 
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
30 
+  // are declared here.
31 
+  var
32 
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
33 
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
34 
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
35 
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
36 
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
37 
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
38 
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
39 
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
40 
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
41 
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
42 
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
43 
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
44 
+
45 
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
46 
+  var _ = function(obj) {
47 
+    if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
48 
+    if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
49 
+    this._wrapped = obj;
50 
+  };
51 
+
52 
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
53 
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
54 
+  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
55 
+  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
56 
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
57 
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
58 
+      exports = module.exports = _;
59 
+    }
60 
+    exports._ = _;
61 
+  } else {
62 
+    root._ = _;
63 
+  }
64 
+
65 
+  // Current version.
66 
+  _.VERSION = '1.4.4';
67 
+
68 
+  // Collection Functions
69 
+  // --------------------
70 
+
71 
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
72 
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
73 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
74 
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
75 
+    if (obj == null) return;
76 
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
77 
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
78 
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
79 
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
80 
+        if (iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
81 
+      }
82 
+    } else {
83 
+      for (var key in obj) {
84 
+        if (_.has(obj, key)) {
85 
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
86 
+        }
87 
+      }
88 
+    }
89 
+  };
90 
+
91 
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
92 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
93 
+  _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
94 
+    var results = [];
95 
+    if (obj == null) return results;
96 
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
97 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
98 
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
99 
+    });
100 
+    return results;
101 
+  };
102 
+
103 
+  var reduceError = 'Reduce of empty array with no initial value';
104 
+
105 
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
106 
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
107 
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
108 
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
109 
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
110 
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
111 
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
112 
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
113 
+    }
114 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
115 
+      if (!initial) {
116 
+        memo = value;
117 
+        initial = true;
118 
+      } else {
119 
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
120 
+      }
121 
+    });
122 
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
123 
+    return memo;
124 
+  };
125 
+
126 
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
127 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
128 
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
129 
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
130 
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
131 
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
132 
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
133 
+      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
134 
+    }
135 
+    var length = obj.length;
136 
+    if (length !== +length) {
137 
+      var keys = _.keys(obj);
138 
+      length = keys.length;
139 
+    }
140 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
141 
+      index = keys ? keys[--length] : --length;
142 
+      if (!initial) {
143 
+        memo = obj[index];
144 
+        initial = true;
145 
+      } else {
146 
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, obj[index], index, list);
147 
+      }
148 
+    });
149 
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError(reduceError);
150 
+    return memo;
151 
+  };
152 
+
153 
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
154 
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
155 
+    var result;
156 
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
157 
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
158 
+        result = value;
159 
+        return true;
160 
+      }
161 
+    });
162 
+    return result;
163 
+  };
164 
+
165 
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
166 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
167 
+  // Aliased as `select`.
168 
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
169 
+    var results = [];
170 
+    if (obj == null) return results;
171 
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
172 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
173 
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
174 
+    });
175 
+    return results;
176 
+  };
177 
+
178 
+  // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
179 
+  _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
180 
+    return _.filter(obj, function(value, index, list) {
181 
+      return !iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
182 
+    }, context);
183 
+  };
184 
+
185 
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
186 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
187 
+  // Aliased as `all`.
188 
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
189 
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
190 
+    var result = true;
191 
+    if (obj == null) return result;
192 
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
193 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
194 
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
195 
+    });
196 
+    return !!result;
197 
+  };
198 
+
199 
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
200 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
201 
+  // Aliased as `any`.
202 
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
203 
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
204 
+    var result = false;
205 
+    if (obj == null) return result;
206 
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
207 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
208 
+      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
209 
+    });
210 
+    return !!result;
211 
+  };
212 
+
213 
+  // Determine if the array or object contains a given value (using `===`).
214 
+  // Aliased as `include`.
215 
+  _.contains = _.include = function(obj, target) {
216 
+    if (obj == null) return false;
217 
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
218 
+    return any(obj, function(value) {
219 
+      return value === target;
220 
+    });
221 
+  };
222 
+
223 
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
224 
+  _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
225 
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
226 
+    var isFunc = _.isFunction(method);
227 
+    return _.map(obj, function(value) {
228 
+      return (isFunc ? method : value[method]).apply(value, args);
229 
+    });
230 
+  };
231 
+
232 
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
233 
+  _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
234 
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
235 
+  };
236 
+
237 
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `filter`: selecting only objects
238 
+  // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
239 
+  _.where = function(obj, attrs, first) {
240 
+    if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? null : [];
241 
+    return _[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](obj, function(value) {
242 
+      for (var key in attrs) {
243 
+        if (attrs[key] !== value[key]) return false;
244 
+      }
245 
+      return true;
246 
+    });
247 
+  };
248 
+
249 
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `find`: getting the first object
250 
+  // containing specific `key:value` pairs.
251 
+  _.findWhere = function(obj, attrs) {
252 
+    return _.where(obj, attrs, true);
253 
+  };
254 
+
255 
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
256 
+  // Can't optimize arrays of integers longer than 65,535 elements.
257 
+  // See: https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=80797
258 
+  _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
259 
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
260 
+      return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
261 
+    }
262 
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
263 
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity, value: -Infinity};
264 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
265 
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
266 
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
267 
+    });
268 
+    return result.value;
269 
+  };
270 
+
271 
+  // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
272 
+  _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
273 
+    if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj) && obj[0] === +obj[0] && obj.length < 65535) {
274 
+      return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
275 
+    }
276 
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
277 
+    var result = {computed : Infinity, value: Infinity};
278 
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
279 
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
280 
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
281 
+    });
282 
+    return result.value;
283 
+  };
284 
+
285 
+  // Shuffle an array.
286 
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
287 
+    var rand;
288 
+    var index = 0;
289 
+    var shuffled = [];
290 
+    each(obj, function(value) {
291 
+      rand = _.random(index++);
292 
+      shuffled[index - 1] = shuffled[rand];
293 
+      shuffled[rand] = value;
294 
+    });
295 
+    return shuffled;
296 
+  };
297 
+
298 
+  // An internal function to generate lookup iterators.
299 
+  var lookupIterator = function(value) {
300 
+    return _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(obj){ return obj[value]; };
301 
+  };
302 
+
303 
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
304 
+  _.sortBy = function(obj, value, context) {
305 
+    var iterator = lookupIterator(value);
306 
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
307 
+      return {
308 
+        value : value,
309 
+        index : index,
310 
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
311 
+      };
312 
+    }).sort(function(left, right) {
313 
+      var a = left.criteria;
314 
+      var b = right.criteria;
315 
+      if (a !== b) {
316 
+        if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
317 
+        if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
318 
+      }
319 
+      return left.index < right.index ? -1 : 1;
320 
+    }), 'value');
321 
+  };
322 
+
323 
+  // An internal function used for aggregate "group by" operations.
324 
+  var group = function(obj, value, context, behavior) {
325 
+    var result = {};
326 
+    var iterator = lookupIterator(value || _.identity);
327 
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
328 
+      var key = iterator.call(context, value, index, obj);
329 
+      behavior(result, key, value);
330 
+    });
331 
+    return result;
332 
+  };
333 
+
334 
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
335 
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
336 
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, value, context) {
337 
+    return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key, value) {
338 
+      (_.has(result, key) ? result[key] : (result[key] = [])).push(value);
339 
+    });
340 
+  };
341 
+
342 
+  // Counts instances of an object that group by a certain criterion. Pass
343 
+  // either a string attribute to count by, or a function that returns the
344 
+  // criterion.
345 
+  _.countBy = function(obj, value, context) {
346 
+    return group(obj, value, context, function(result, key) {
347 
+      if (!_.has(result, key)) result[key] = 0;
348 
+      result[key]++;
349 
+    });
350 
+  };
351 
+
352 
+  // Use a comparator function to figure out the smallest index at which
353 
+  // an object should be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
354 
+  _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator, context) {
355 
+    iterator = iterator == null ? _.identity : lookupIterator(iterator);
356 
+    var value = iterator.call(context, obj);
357 
+    var low = 0, high = array.length;
358 
+    while (low < high) {
359 
+      var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
360 
+      iterator.call(context, array[mid]) < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
361 
+    }
362 
+    return low;
363 
+  };
364 
+
365 
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
366 
+  _.toArray = function(obj) {
367 
+    if (!obj) return [];
368 
+    if (_.isArray(obj)) return slice.call(obj);
369 
+    if (obj.length === +obj.length) return _.map(obj, _.identity);
370 
+    return _.values(obj);
371 
+  };
372 
+
373 
+  // Return the number of elements in an object.
374 
+  _.size = function(obj) {
375 
+    if (obj == null) return 0;
376 
+    return (obj.length === +obj.length) ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
377 
+  };
378 
+
379 
+  // Array Functions
380 
+  // ---------------
381 
+
382 
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
383 
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head` and `take`. The **guard** check
384 
+  // allows it to work with `_.map`.
385 
+  _.first = _.head = _.take = function(array, n, guard) {
386 
+    if (array == null) return void 0;
387 
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
388 
+  };
389 
+
390 
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
391 
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
392 
+  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
393 
+  // `_.map`.
394 
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
395 
+    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
396 
+  };
397 
+
398 
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
399 
+  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
400 
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
401 
+    if (array == null) return void 0;
402 
+    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
403 
+      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
404 
+    } else {
405 
+      return array[array.length - 1];
406 
+    }
407 
+  };
408 
+
409 
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail` and `drop`.
410 
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **n** will return
411 
+  // the rest N values in the array. The **guard**
412 
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
413 
+  _.rest = _.tail = _.drop = function(array, n, guard) {
414 
+    return slice.call(array, (n == null) || guard ? 1 : n);
415 
+  };
416 
+
417 
+  // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
418 
+  _.compact = function(array) {
419 
+    return _.filter(array, _.identity);
420 
+  };
421 
+
422 
+  // Internal implementation of a recursive `flatten` function.
423 
+  var flatten = function(input, shallow, output) {
424 
+    each(input, function(value) {
425 
+      if (_.isArray(value)) {
426 
+        shallow ? push.apply(output, value) : flatten(value, shallow, output);
427 
+      } else {
428 
+        output.push(value);
429 
+      }
430 
+    });
431 
+    return output;
432 
+  };
433 
+
434 
+  // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
435 
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
436 
+    return flatten(array, shallow, []);
437 
+  };
438 
+
439 
+  // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
440 
+  _.without = function(array) {
441 
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
442 
+  };
443 
+
444 
+  // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
445 
+  // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
446 
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
447 
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator, context) {
448 
+    if (_.isFunction(isSorted)) {
449 
+      context = iterator;
450 
+      iterator = isSorted;
451 
+      isSorted = false;
452 
+    }
453 
+    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator, context) : array;
454 
+    var results = [];
455 
+    var seen = [];
456 
+    each(initial, function(value, index) {
457 
+      if (isSorted ? (!index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== value) : !_.contains(seen, value)) {
458 
+        seen.push(value);
459 
+        results.push(array[index]);
460 
+      }
461 
+    });
462 
+    return results;
463 
+  };
464 
+
465 
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
466 
+  // the passed-in arrays.
467 
+  _.union = function() {
468 
+    return _.uniq(concat.apply(ArrayProto, arguments));
469 
+  };
470 
+
471 
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
472 
+  // passed-in arrays.
473 
+  _.intersection = function(array) {
474 
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
475 
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
476 
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
477 
+        return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
478 
+      });
479 
+    });
480 
+  };
481 
+
482 
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
483 
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
484 
+  _.difference = function(array) {
485 
+    var rest = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
486 
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.contains(rest, value); });
487 
+  };
488 
+
489 
+  // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
490 
+  // an index go together.
491 
+  _.zip = function() {
492 
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
493 
+    var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
494 
+    var results = new Array(length);
495 
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
496 
+      results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
497 
+    }
498 
+    return results;
499 
+  };
500 
+
501 
+  // Converts lists into objects. Pass either a single array of `[key, value]`
502 
+  // pairs, or two parallel arrays of the same length -- one of keys, and one of
503 
+  // the corresponding values.
504 
+  _.object = function(list, values) {
505 
+    if (list == null) return {};
506 
+    var result = {};
507 
+    for (var i = 0, l = list.length; i < l; i++) {
508 
+      if (values) {
509 
+        result[list[i]] = values[i];
510 
+      } else {
511 
+        result[list[i][0]] = list[i][1];
512 
+      }
513 
+    }
514 
+    return result;
515 
+  };
516 
+
517 
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
518 
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
519 
+  // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
520 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
521 
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
522 
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
523 
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
524 
+    if (array == null) return -1;
525 
+    var i = 0, l = array.length;
526 
+    if (isSorted) {
527 
+      if (typeof isSorted == 'number') {
528 
+        i = (isSorted < 0 ? Math.max(0, l + isSorted) : isSorted);
529 
+      } else {
530 
+        i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
531 
+        return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
532 
+      }
533 
+    }
534 
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item, isSorted);
535 
+    for (; i < l; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
536 
+    return -1;
537 
+  };
538 
+
539 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
540 
+  _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item, from) {
541 
+    if (array == null) return -1;
542 
+    var hasIndex = from != null;
543 
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) {
544 
+      return hasIndex ? array.lastIndexOf(item, from) : array.lastIndexOf(item);
545 
+    }
546 
+    var i = (hasIndex ? from : array.length);
547 
+    while (i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
548 
+    return -1;
549 
+  };
550 
+
551 
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
552 
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
553 
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
554 
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
555 
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
556 
+      stop = start || 0;
557 
+      start = 0;
558 
+    }
559 
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
560 
+
561 
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
562 
+    var idx = 0;
563 
+    var range = new Array(len);
564 
+
565 
+    while(idx < len) {
566 
+      range[idx++] = start;
567 
+      start += step;
568 
+    }
569 
+
570 
+    return range;
571 
+  };
572 
+
573 
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
574 
+  // ------------------
575 
+
576 
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
577 
+  // optionally). Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if
578 
+  // available.
579 
+  _.bind = function(func, context) {
580 
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
581 
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
582 
+    return function() {
583 
+      return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
584 
+    };
585 
+  };
586 
+
587 
+  // Partially apply a function by creating a version that has had some of its
588 
+  // arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic `this` context.
589 
+  _.partial = function(func) {
590 
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
591 
+    return function() {
592 
+      return func.apply(this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
593 
+    };
594 
+  };
595 
+
596 
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
597 
+  // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
598 
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
599 
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
600 
+    if (funcs.length === 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
601 
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
602 
+    return obj;
603 
+  };
604 
+
605 
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
606 
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
607 
+    var memo = {};
608 
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
609 
+    return function() {
610 
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
611 
+      return _.has(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
612 
+    };
613 
+  };
614 
+
615 
+  // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
616 
+  // it with the arguments supplied.
617 
+  _.delay = function(func, wait) {
618 
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
619 
+    return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(null, args); }, wait);
620 
+  };
621 
+
622 
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
623 
+  // cleared.
624 
+  _.defer = function(func) {
625 
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
626 
+  };
627 
+
628 
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
629 
+  // during a given window of time.
630 
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
631 
+    var context, args, timeout, result;
632 
+    var previous = 0;
633 
+    var later = function() {
634 
+      previous = new Date;
635 
+      timeout = null;
636 
+      result = func.apply(context, args);
637 
+    };
638 
+    return function() {
639 
+      var now = new Date;
640 
+      var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
641 
+      context = this;
642 
+      args = arguments;
643 
+      if (remaining <= 0) {
644 
+        clearTimeout(timeout);
645 
+        timeout = null;
646 
+        previous = now;
647 
+        result = func.apply(context, args);
648 
+      } else if (!timeout) {
649 
+        timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
650 
+      }
651 
+      return result;
652 
+    };
653 
+  };
654 
+
655 
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
656 
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
657 
+  // N milliseconds. If `immediate` is passed, trigger the function on the
658 
+  // leading edge, instead of the trailing.
659 
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) {
660 
+    var timeout, result;
661 
+    return function() {
662 
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
663 
+      var later = function() {
664 
+        timeout = null;
665 
+        if (!immediate) result = func.apply(context, args);
666 
+      };
667 
+      var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
668 
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
669 
+      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
670 
+      if (callNow) result = func.apply(context, args);
671 
+      return result;
672 
+    };
673 
+  };
674 
+
675 
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
676 
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
677 
+  _.once = function(func) {
678 
+    var ran = false, memo;
679 
+    return function() {
680 
+      if (ran) return memo;
681 
+      ran = true;
682 
+      memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
683 
+      func = null;
684 
+      return memo;
685 
+    };
686 
+  };
687 
+
688 
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
689 
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
690 
+  // conditionally execute the original function.
691 
+  _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
692 
+    return function() {
693 
+      var args = [func];
694 
+      push.apply(args, arguments);
695 
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
696 
+    };
697 
+  };
698 
+
699 
+  // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
700 
+  // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
701 
+  _.compose = function() {
702 
+    var funcs = arguments;
703 
+    return function() {
704 
+      var args = arguments;
705 
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
706 
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
707 
+      }
708 
+      return args[0];
709 
+    };
710 
+  };
711 
+
712 
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
713 
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
714 
+    if (times <= 0) return func();
715 
+    return function() {
716 
+      if (--times < 1) {
717 
+        return func.apply(this, arguments);
718 
+      }
719 
+    };
720 
+  };
721 
+
722 
+  // Object Functions
723 
+  // ----------------
724 
+
725 
+  // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
726 
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
727 
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
728 
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
729 
+    var keys = [];
730 
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
731 
+    return keys;
732 
+  };
733 
+
734 
+  // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
735 
+  _.values = function(obj) {
736 
+    var values = [];
737 
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) values.push(obj[key]);
738 
+    return values;
739 
+  };
740 
+
741 
+  // Convert an object into a list of `[key, value]` pairs.
742 
+  _.pairs = function(obj) {
743 
+    var pairs = [];
744 
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) pairs.push([key, obj[key]]);
745 
+    return pairs;
746 
+  };
747 
+
748 
+  // Invert the keys and values of an object. The values must be serializable.
749 
+  _.invert = function(obj) {
750 
+    var result = {};
751 
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) result[obj[key]] = key;
752 
+    return result;
753 
+  };
754 
+
755 
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
756 
+  // Aliased as `methods`
757 
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
758 
+    var names = [];
759 
+    for (var key in obj) {
760 
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
761 
+    }
762 
+    return names.sort();
763 
+  };
764 
+
765 
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
766 
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
767 
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
768 
+      if (source) {
769 
+        for (var prop in source) {
770 
+          obj[prop] = source[prop];
771 
+        }
772 
+      }
773 
+    });
774 
+    return obj;
775 
+  };
776 
+
777 
+  // Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted properties.
778 
+  _.pick = function(obj) {
779 
+    var copy = {};
780 
+    var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
781 
+    each(keys, function(key) {
782 
+      if (key in obj) copy[key] = obj[key];
783 
+    });
784 
+    return copy;
785 
+  };
786 
+
787 
+   // Return a copy of the object without the blacklisted properties.
788 
+  _.omit = function(obj) {
789 
+    var copy = {};
790 
+    var keys = concat.apply(ArrayProto, slice.call(arguments, 1));
791 
+    for (var key in obj) {
792 
+      if (!_.contains(keys, key)) copy[key] = obj[key];
793 
+    }
794 
+    return copy;
795 
+  };
796 
+
797 
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
798 
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
799 
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
800 
+      if (source) {
801 
+        for (var prop in source) {
802 
+          if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
803 
+        }
804 
+      }
805 
+    });
806 
+    return obj;
807 
+  };
808 
+
809 
+  // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
810 
+  _.clone = function(obj) {
811 
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
812 
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
813 
+  };
814 
+
815 
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
816 
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
817 
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
818 
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
819 
+    interceptor(obj);
820 
+    return obj;
821 
+  };
822 
+
823 
+  // Internal recursive comparison function for `isEqual`.
824 
+  var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
825 
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
826 
+    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
827 
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
828 
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
829 
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
830 
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
831 
+    if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
832 
+    if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
833 
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
834 
+    var className = toString.call(a);
835 
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
836 
+    switch (className) {
837 
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
838 
+      case '[object String]':
839 
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
840 
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
841 
+        return a == String(b);
842 
+      case '[object Number]':
843 
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
844 
+        // other numeric values.
845 
+        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
846 
+      case '[object Date]':
847 
+      case '[object Boolean]':
848 
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
849 
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
850 
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
851 
+        return +a == +b;
852 
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
853 
+      case '[object RegExp]':
854 
+        return a.source == b.source &&
855 
+               a.global == b.global &&
856 
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
857 
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
858 
+    }
859 
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
860 
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
861 
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
862 
+    var length = aStack.length;
863 
+    while (length--) {
864 
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
865 
+      // unique nested structures.
866 
+      if (aStack[length] == a) return bStack[length] == b;
867 
+    }
868 
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
869 
+    aStack.push(a);
870 
+    bStack.push(b);
871 
+    var size = 0, result = true;
872 
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
873 
+    if (className == '[object Array]') {
874 
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
875 
+      size = a.length;
876 
+      result = size == b.length;
877 
+      if (result) {
878 
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
879 
+        while (size--) {
880 
+          if (!(result = eq(a[size], b[size], aStack, bStack))) break;
881 
+        }
882 
+      }
883 
+    } else {
884 
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
885 
+      // from different frames are.
886 
+      var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
887 
+      if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && (aCtor instanceof aCtor) &&
888 
+                               _.isFunction(bCtor) && (bCtor instanceof bCtor))) {
889 
+        return false;
890 
+      }
891 
+      // Deep compare objects.
892 
+      for (var key in a) {
893 
+        if (_.has(a, key)) {
894 
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
895 
+          size++;
896 
+          // Deep compare each member.
897 
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
898 
+        }
899 
+      }
900 
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
901 
+      if (result) {
902 
+        for (key in b) {
903 
+          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
904 
+        }
905 
+        result = !size;
906 
+      }
907 
+    }
908 
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
909 
+    aStack.pop();
910 
+    bStack.pop();
911 
+    return result;
912 
+  };
913 
+
914 
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
915 
+  _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
916 
+    return eq(a, b, [], []);
917 
+  };
918 
+
919 
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
920 
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
921 
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
922 
+    if (obj == null) return true;
923 
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
924 
+    for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) return false;
925 
+    return true;
926 
+  };
927 
+
928 
+  // Is a given value a DOM element?
929 
+  _.isElement = function(obj) {
930 
+    return !!(obj && obj.nodeType === 1);
931 
+  };
932 
+
933 
+  // Is a given value an array?
934 
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
935 
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
936 
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
937 
+  };
938 
+
939 
+  // Is a given variable an object?
940 
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
941 
+    return obj === Object(obj);
942 
+  };
943 
+
944 
+  // Add some isType methods: isArguments, isFunction, isString, isNumber, isDate, isRegExp.
945 
+  each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp'], function(name) {
946 
+    _['is' + name] = function(obj) {
947 
+      return toString.call(obj) == '[object ' + name + ']';
948 
+    };
949 
+  });
950 
+
951 
+  // Define a fallback version of the method in browsers (ahem, IE), where
952 
+  // there isn't any inspectable "Arguments" type.
953 
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
954 
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
955 
+      return !!(obj && _.has(obj, 'callee'));
956 
+    };
957 
+  }
958 
+
959 
+  // Optimize `isFunction` if appropriate.
960 
+  if (typeof (/./) !== 'function') {
961 
+    _.isFunction = function(obj) {
962 
+      return typeof obj === 'function';
963 
+    };
964 
+  }
965 
+
966 
+  // Is a given object a finite number?
967 
+  _.isFinite = function(obj) {
968 
+    return isFinite(obj) && !isNaN(parseFloat(obj));
969 
+  };
970 
+
971 
+  // Is the given value `NaN`? (NaN is the only number which does not equal itself).
972 
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
973 
+    return _.isNumber(obj) && obj != +obj;
974 
+  };
975 
+
976 
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
977 
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
978 
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
979 
+  };
980 
+
981 
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
982 
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
983 
+    return obj === null;
984 
+  };
985 
+
986 
+  // Is a given variable undefined?
987 
+  _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
988 
+    return obj === void 0;
989 
+  };
990 
+
991 
+  // Shortcut function for checking if an object has a given property directly
992 
+  // on itself (in other words, not on a prototype).
993 
+  _.has = function(obj, key) {
994 
+    return hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
995 
+  };
996 
+
997 
+  // Utility Functions
998 
+  // -----------------
999 
+
1000 
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
1001 
+  // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
1002 
+  _.noConflict = function() {
1003 
+    root._ = previousUnderscore;
1004 
+    return this;
1005 
+  };
1006 
+
1007 
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
1008 
+  _.identity = function(value) {
1009 
+    return value;
1010 
+  };
1011 
+
1012 
+  // Run a function **n** times.
1013 
+  _.times = function(n, iterator, context) {
1014 
+    var accum = Array(n);
1015 
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iterator.call(context, i);
1016 
+    return accum;
1017 
+  };
1018 
+
1019 
+  // Return a random integer between min and max (inclusive).
1020 
+  _.random = function(min, max) {
1021 
+    if (max == null) {
1022 
+      max = min;
1023 
+      min = 0;
1024 
+    }
1025 
+    return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
1026 
+  };
1027 
+
1028 
+  // List of HTML entities for escaping.
1029 
+  var entityMap = {
1030 
+    escape: {
1031 
+      '&': '&amp;',
1032 
+      '<': '&lt;',
1033 
+      '>': '&gt;',
1034 
+      '"': '&quot;',
1035 
+      "'": '&#x27;',
1036 
+      '/': '&#x2F;'
1037 
+    }
1038 
+  };
1039 
+  entityMap.unescape = _.invert(entityMap.escape);
1040 
+
1041 
+  // Regexes containing the keys and values listed immediately above.
1042 
+  var entityRegexes = {
1043 
+    escape:   new RegExp('[' + _.keys(entityMap.escape).join('') + ']', 'g'),
1044 
+    unescape: new RegExp('(' + _.keys(entityMap.unescape).join('|') + ')', 'g')
1045 
+  };
1046 
+
1047 
+  // Functions for escaping and unescaping strings to/from HTML interpolation.
1048 
+  _.each(['escape', 'unescape'], function(method) {
1049 
+    _[method] = function(string) {
1050 
+      if (string == null) return '';
1051 
+      return ('' + string).replace(entityRegexes[method], function(match) {
1052 
+        return entityMap[method][match];
1053 
+      });
1054 
+    };
1055 
+  });
1056 
+
1057 
+  // If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it;
1058 
+  // otherwise, return it.
1059 
+  _.result = function(object, property) {
1060 
+    if (object == null) return null;
1061 
+    var value = object[property];
1062 
+    return _.isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
1063 
+  };
1064 
+
1065 
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
1066 
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
1067 
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
1068 
+      var func = _[name] = obj[name];
1069 
+      _.prototype[name] = function() {
1070 
+        var args = [this._wrapped];
1071 
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
1072 
+        return result.call(this, func.apply(_, args));
1073 
+      };
1074 
+    });
1075 
+  };
1076 
+
1077 
+  // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
1078 
+  // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
1079 
+  var idCounter = 0;
1080 
+  _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
1081 
+    var id = ++idCounter + '';
1082 
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
1083 
+  };
1084 
+
1085 
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
1086 
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
1087 
+  _.templateSettings = {
1088 
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
1089 
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
1090 
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
1091 
+  };
1092 
+
1093 
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
1094 
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
1095 
+  // guaranteed not to match.
1096 
+  var noMatch = /(.)^/;
1097 
+
1098 
+  // Certain characters need to be escaped so that they can be put into a
1099 
+  // string literal.
1100 
+  var escapes = {
1101 
+    "'":      "'",
1102 
+    '\\':     '\\',
1103 
+    '\r':     'r',
1104 
+    '\n':     'n',
1105 
+    '\t':     't',
1106 
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
1107 
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
1108 
+  };
1109 
+
1110 
+  var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\t|\u2028|\u2029/g;
1111 
+
1112 
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
1113 
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
1114 
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
1115 
+  _.template = function(text, data, settings) {
1116 
+    var render;
1117 
+    settings = _.defaults({}, settings, _.templateSettings);
1118 
+
1119 
+    // Combine delimiters into one regular expression via alternation.
1120 
+    var matcher = new RegExp([
1121 
+      (settings.escape || noMatch).source,
1122 
+      (settings.interpolate || noMatch).source,
1123 
+      (settings.evaluate || noMatch).source
1124 
+    ].join('|') + '|$', 'g');
1125 
+
1126 
+    // Compile the template source, escaping string literals appropriately.
1127 
+    var index = 0;
1128 
+    var source = "__p+='";
1129 
+    text.replace(matcher, function(match, escape, interpolate, evaluate, offset) {
1130 
+      source += text.slice(index, offset)
1131 
+        .replace(escaper, function(match) { return '\\' + escapes[match]; });
1132 
+
1133 
+      if (escape) {
1134 
+        source += "'+\n((__t=(" + escape + "))==null?'':_.escape(__t))+\n'";
1135 
+      }
1136 
+      if (interpolate) {
1137 
+        source += "'+\n((__t=(" + interpolate + "))==null?'':__t)+\n'";
1138 
+      }
1139 
+      if (evaluate) {
1140 
+        source += "';\n" + evaluate + "\n__p+='";
1141 
+      }
1142 
+      index = offset + match.length;
1143 
+      return match;
1144 
+    });
1145 
+    source += "';\n";
1146 
+
1147 
+    // If a variable is not specified, place data values in local scope.
1148 
+    if (!settings.variable) source = 'with(obj||{}){\n' + source + '}\n';
1149 
+
1150 
+    source = "var __t,__p='',__j=Array.prototype.join," +
1151 
+      "print=function(){__p+=__j.call(arguments,'');};\n" +
1152 
+      source + "return __p;\n";
1153 
+
1154 
+    try {
1155 
+      render = new Function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
1156 
+    } catch (e) {
1157 
+      e.source = source;
1158 
+      throw e;
1159 
+    }
1160 
+
1161 
+    if (data) return render(data, _);
1162 
+    var template = function(data) {
1163 
+      return render.call(this, data, _);
1164 
+    };
1165 
+
1166 
+    // Provide the compiled function source as a convenience for precompilation.
1167 
+    template.source = 'function(' + (settings.variable || 'obj') + '){\n' + source + '}';
1168 
+
1169 
+    return template;
1170 
+  };
1171 
+
1172 
+  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
1173 
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
1174 
+    return _(obj).chain();
1175 
+  };
1176 
+
1177 
+  // OOP
1178 
+  // ---------------
1179 
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
1180 
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
1181 
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
1182 
+
1183 
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
1184 
+  var result = function(obj) {
1185 
+    return this._chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
1186 
+  };
1187 
+
1188 
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
1189 
+  _.mixin(_);
1190 
+
1191 
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
1192 
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
1193 
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
1194 
+    _.prototype[name] = function() {
1195 
+      var obj = this._wrapped;
1196 
+      method.apply(obj, arguments);
1197 
+      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
1198 
+      return result.call(this, obj);
1199 
+    };
1200 
+  });
1201 
+
1202 
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
1203 
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
1204 
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
1205 
+    _.prototype[name] = function() {
1206 
+      return result.call(this, method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments));
1207 
+    };
1208 
+  });
1209 
+
1210 
+  _.extend(_.prototype, {
1211 
+
1212 
+    // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
1213 
+    chain: function() {
1214 
+      this._chain = true;
1215 
+      return this;
1216 
+    },
1217 
+
1218 
+    // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
1219 
+    value: function() {
1220 
+      return this._wrapped;
1221 
+    }
1222 
+
1223 
+  });
1224 
+
1225 
+}).call(this);